Heart to Heart: How Pregnancy Can Affect Your Heart Health Throughout Your Life

Gestational diabetes is linked to Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Gestational diabetes happens when the body can’t control blood sugar levels during pregnancy. Up to 60% of women with gestational diabetes will go on to develop Type 2 diabetes. Many may also go on to develop heart problems.

An analysis of nine studies including more than 5 million women found those who had gestational diabetes were twice as likely to experience a future cardiovascular event as women who didn’t have gestational diabetes, regardless of whether they went on to develop Type 2 diabetes.

Another analysis of more than 1,000 women found a history of gestational diabetes doubled the risk of heart artery calcification — a marker of increased heart disease risk — many years after pregnancy, even if blood sugar returned to normal levels.

Gestational diabetes can increase your risk of high blood pressure and preeclampsia, a complication involving high blood pressure that may include kidney and/or liver damage. Preeclampsia can be fatal for both mother and baby if left untreated, and the most effective way to treat it is delivery of the baby as soon as possible.

Even after delivering her baby, a woman may experience lingering symptoms of preeclampsia — and an increased risk of heart problems later in life. Preeclampsia doubles your risk of heart disease and stroke and quadruples your risk of high blood pressure, according to the Preeclampsia Foundation.

A 2020 study of more than 500,000 women found those who had preeclampsia during a single pregnancy were twice as likely to have heart failure in the future. For women who developed preeclampsia in more than one pregnancy, their risk of heart failure quadrupled.

Gestational hypertension, or high blood pressure during pregnancy, is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Delivering early can increase cardiovascular risk, too

Preterm birth, when a baby is born before the 37th week of pregnancy, affects about one in 10 pregnancies in the United States — and it’s another risk factor for heart disease and stroke. One analysis found that women who delivered preterm had 2.5 times the risk of developing heart disease within 10 years compared with women with full-term births (39-41 weeks). For women who delivered extremely early (22-27 weeks), the risk was four times higher.

Five ways to lower your risk of heart problems after pregnancy complications

While the statistics around pregnancy complications and disease risk are startling, future health problems are far from a foregone conclusion. “Just because risk factors exist does not mean that particular conditions, like diabetes or heart problems, will develop — but it does increase the chances,” said Emily J. Jones, Ph.D., associate professor at the Fran and Earl Ziegler College of Nursing at the University of Oklahoma and participant in our Heart to Heart webinar. “Importantly, it signals that now is the optimal time to take action that could help prevent heart problems later in life.”

Here are some steps you can take today to lower your risk of cardiovascular disease in the future.

1. Talk to your HCP

“I think the first step is having a conversation with whomever provides your primary care, to let them know that you had complications in pregnancy and to talk about your individual plan to reduce your risk for heart disease,” Louis said.

Jones agrees that talking to your HCP about your risk factors is key. “It’s really important that women who have gestational diabetes or preeclampsia feel empowered to talk about their future heart health with care providers,” Jones said. “Acknowledging that heart disease risk factors exist and making a prevention plan together is the priority.”

2. Consider breastfeeding

“We talk about how healthy breastfeeding is for babies, but it's also super healthy for mom,” Ferranti said. “Not only does it help with weight loss for some women, but it uses up mom’s stored glucose.” This helps to regulate blood sugar, she explained, and decreases the mother’s risk of developing diabetes down the road.

3. Focus on heart-healthy foods

Jones believes adjusting your diet is a relatively simple way to take charge of your heart health. “Focusing on choosing heart-healthy whole grains and fats (like olive oil) and opting for fruits and vegetables over simple carbs and unhealthy fats often found in processed foods is a great start,” she said.

4. Reframe your approach to exercise

Regular exercise is critical for heart health, but Jones recognizes how difficult it can be for busy and exhausted moms to fit in a workout. “Maybe reframing this important health need as mindful movement can be helpful here,” she said. “How can we move our bodies in strategic ways that fit into our daily lives and contribute to our ability to live our best lives?”

5. Seek support

“Connecting in meaningful ways with people we love can foster feelings of well-being and good energy,” Jones said. She adds that having the support of a friend or partner often makes it easier (and more fun!) to embrace new, heart-healthy habits.

Resources:
Preeclampsia Foundation
MoMMA’s (Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Advocates) Voices
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists