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Cynthia Louis-Juste

HealthyWomen's Program Coordinator

Cynthia Louis-Juste is a program coordinator on the education team at HealthyWomen. She has worked with underserved and uninsured community patients to understand health disparities; conducted research on communication/cultural competency at Coney Island Hospital in Brooklyn, New York, through the Greater New York Hospital Association; and conducted community needs assessments alongside Morris Height Health Center in Bronx, New York, during her CDC-funded internship at Columbia University.

Cynthia graduated with a bachelor of science in public health with a minor in sociology and a master of public health with a concentration in health policy and management and certificate in health disparities from the University of Albany. Some of her health interests include addressing women's health issues, health disparities within underprivileged populations, and tackling health strategy and operations within healthcare organizations.

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Fast Facts: What You Need to Know About Smoking and Bladder Cancer

Learn how smoking and vaping affect your risk of developing bladder cancer

Created With Support
bladder cancer

Medically reviewed by Dr. Andrea Apolo

  1. Cigarette smoking is the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer in both men and women. 50% of all cases of bladder cancer are associated with smoking.
  2. Past studies have shown that smoking was responsible for 28% of bladder cancer cases in women, and since 2011, the risk for women has increased to 50%.
  3. Current smokers are four times as likely to get bladder cancer when compared to those who have never smoked. Former smokers are twice as likely to develop the disease as those who have never smoked.
  4. Inhaling cigarette smoke brings cancer-causing chemicals into the lungs and the blood. It then gets filtered through the kidneys and settles into the urine. Because urine lives in the bladder, the bladder is repeatedly exposed to these harmful chemicals, which can cause changes to the cells of the bladder lining. These changes may lead to bladder cancer.
  5. Continuous exposure to chemicals when vaping may increase risk of developing bladder cancer. Studies show that those who use e-cigarettes may have similar carcinogens in their urine as cigarette smokers.
  6. Some chemicals used in the dye industry and chemicals used in rubber, leather, textiles, paint manufacturing and printing are connected to bladder cancer, putting those who work with these chemicals at higher risk. Additionally, cigarette smoking and workplace exposures can work together to cause bladder cancer. Therefore, people who both smoke and work with these chemicals have an especially high risk of bladder cancer.

You might be interested in:

Fast Facts: Everything You Need to Know About Urothelial Bladder Cancer

What Women Need to Know About Urothelial Bladder Cancer

This resource was created with joint support from Astellas and Seagen.

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C. diff is the name of a common, easily transmittable infection caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile. The infection causes your colon (bowel) wall to become inflamed, resulting in severe, watery diarrhea. Left untreated, it can cause a serious complication called toxic megacolon.

C. diff affects about 250,000 people in the United States every year. Some people get it only once in their lifetime, but if you have a C. diff infection, there is up to a 1 in 4 chance you might relapse (the same infection returns) or get it again within eight weeks. People at the highest risk for a C. diff infection are those who take or have recently taken antibiotics, especially if they have a weak immune system.

The bacteria live in feces (poop), and in soil and water. They spread easily and can live for a long time on hard and soft surfaces, like linens and clothing. If someone who has C. diff on their hands touches a door handle and you touch it after, the bacteria transfer to your hand. They then can enter your gastrointestinal system if you touch your mouth or handle food before washing your hands.

Protect yourself and others from getting a C. diff infection in a healthcare setting

hand washing in a hospital

If you are a patient in a hospital, skilled nursing facility or rehabilitation center, you are at higher risk of getting a C. diff infection — not just because you likely have a weak immune system from the condition that put you in the facility but also because of the number of people you may encounter while you’re there.

Here are some steps you can take to lower the risk of getting C. diff in a healthcare facility:

  1. Make sure all healthcare workers and visitors wash their hands before they touch you and your things. If you don’t see them wash their hands, ask them to do so.
  2. Wash your hands well with soap and water every time you use the bathroom. If you use a bedside commode, ask to be transported to a sink to wash your hands or use a waterless hand sanitizer.
  3. Wash your hands before eating or drinking. If you can’t get to a sink, ask the staff or a friend to supply you with a waterless hand sanitizer to use while you are in bed or sitting in your chair.
  4. Allow cleaning staff access to your environment. Clear everything off the bedside table or nightstand, and remove clothing or linens from the bedside rails so they can be wiped down.

Patients with a diagnosed C. diff infection should not share a room with someone who does not have the infection. If you do share a room and your roommate contracts C. diff, ask to be moved.

Stop the spread of C. diff at home

household cleaning supplies

C. diff doesn’t just affect people in healthcare facilities. It can happen at home, too.

Here are steps you can take to reduce the risk of spreading C. diff at home:

  1. If your home has a second bathroom, reserve one for the person with the C. diff infection to limit exposure to others.
  2. If your home has only one bathroom, make sure the toilet seat, flusher, faucets, light switches and doorknob are cleaned with a bleach-based cleaner after each use.
  3. If the infected person is immobile, keep waterless hand sanitizer within reach.
  4. Clean common home surfaces (door knobs, light switches, fridge handles, etc.).
  5. Wash clothing (especially underwear), towels and linens separately and in the hottest water possible.
  6. Wear disposable gloves while handling clothing and linens, especially if the person is incontinent (loses control of their bowels). Wash your hands after removing the gloves.
  7. Shower with soap to remove C. diff that may be on the skin.

This educational resource was created with support from Seres Therapeutics and Nestle Health Science.