The facts are staggering: Each year, almost 45,000 people die by suicide, the 10th- leading cause of death in the United States. Each day, about 123 people choose to end their lives, costing the country $69 billion annually.
Suicide rates spike in middle age, with men committing suicide more often than women; white males accounted for seven out of 10 suicides in 2016. It's the second leading cause of death among people aged 15 to 34, according to the American Psychiatric Association.
There's no single cause of suicide but stress from jobs, finances or relationships, as well as substance abuse and family history, can all play a role. Most often people are moved to commit this extreme act because they feel unable to cope with the stressors in their lives, feeling overwhelmed with sadness or hopelessness.
Many times people carry out the act without any warning, hiding their depression or other mental illness from everyone except themselves. (About 90 percent of people are suffering from a mental health disorder at the time of their death.)
Other times there may be signs that are missed. It can be very tough to know how someone is feeling on the inside; from all outside indications they may appear stable. But knowing what to look for and taking action can save lives.
According to the Suicide Prevention Lifeline, suicide is not inevitable. Starting the conversation, providing support services, reducing access to means of self-harm and keeping your eyes on your loved ones all go a long way toward reducing the incidence of suicide.
Caucasians, American Indians or Alaskan natives are more likely to commit suicide. Other life circumstances that may add to that risk include:
Having previously attempted suicide
A history of childhood abuse, trauma or neglect
Access to firearms or drugs
Exposure to someone else's suicide or sensationalized accounts of suicide
Being bullied or harassed (Learn more about How to Help a Child Who's Cyberbullied)
Relationship problems or other life transitions or losses
Suffering from a serious health condition, pain or a traumatic brain injury
What to look for
Don't feel as if you're overreacting or misjudging if you think someone is in trouble. If they tell you they are contemplating suicide or they're acting in a suspicious way, take action!
Their life may be at stake if they:
Exhibit a change in behavior or begin to act completely out of character
Sleep too much or too little
Eat too much or too little (or have extreme variations in their weight, either gaining or losing weight)
Appear anxious and agitated
Make a will or begin to give away valuable personal possessions
Talk about life being difficult or having no reason to continue living or communicate that they feel trapped, hopeless or are in unbearable pain
Engage in reckless and excessive behaviors such as drinking, drugs or sex
Look for ways to end their life, like searching online for techniques
Withdraw from family and friends or visit or call them to say goodbye
Show a loss of interest in work, school, personal hygiene or hobbies
Exhibit a preoccupation with death and dying
What to do
If you suspect someone is contemplating suicide, talk to them. Giving someone the opportunity to express their feelings can help. Many times they're embarrassed, ashamed or guilty and need someone to open the conversation and listen.
It's vital to hear them out and offer support and reassurance in a nonjudgmental way. Resist the urge to talk the person out of their feelings. Doing this or expressing shock at what they're saying will cause them to shut down communication.
Rather than saying, "Things could be worse," try saying, "That must be difficult. How can I help?"
In their book Mental Health Emergencies, authors Nick Benas and Michele Hart say that it's important to "acknowledge the suffering person's feelings and use your best listening skills, motivational interviewing and reflective communication techniques. Repeat their frustrations and concerns back to them. Say something like, 'It sounds like you've been wronged and been given a raw deal.' Note that too much talking can make them uneasy and put them on edge, leading to an elevated level of aggression."
Some questions to open the conversation:
Do you ever feel like giving up?
Are you thinking about harming yourself?
Are you thinking about dying?
How are you managing with what's happening in your life?
Have you ever contemplated suicide before or tried to hurt yourself?
If you think they're in danger of harming themselves, never leave them alone. Instead, call 911 or a local emergency number immediately or take them to a local hospital emergency room for evaluation. Ask them if they're under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Enlist the help of a friend or family member for added support.
The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline number is 1-800-273-TALK (8255).
